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Les communistes en Belgique ont joué, jusqu'en 1989, un rôle intermittent mais continu, par leur action positive, mais aussi par la pression virtuelle que leur existence induisait tant au sein de l'appareil d'Etat que chez leur "plus proche ennemi", la social-démocratie. Bien entendu, cette persistance doit beaucoup à leur nature représentative incarnée successivement par la IIIe Internationale et l'URSS. Mais il ne manqua jamais de militants qui engagèrent leur vie dans ce chemin sans valorisation autre que leurs convictions, sans récompenses autres qu'une mise en danger de leur avenir, de leur bien-être, de leurs proches, et parfois de leur vie. Comprend ce qui pouvait les motiver, comprendre la force de cet engagement, malgré tout, à travers tout, a constitué l'un des moteurs de mes recherches sur le communisme belge et principalement sur les communistes.

Belgique --- --Partis --- --Parti communiste --- --Communistes --- --Politique belge --- --Communism --- Communisme --- BE / Belgium - België - Belgique --- 323.0 --- 329 --- 92 --- Binnenlandse politiek: algemeenheden. --- Politieke partijen. --- Geschiedenis. --- Communistes --- Histoire. --- Parti communiste de Belgique --- Historiographie. --- History. --- 92 Geschiedenis. --- 92 Histoire. --- 92 History. --- Communists --- History --- Biography --- Political parties --- History of Belgium and Luxembourg --- anno 1900-1999 --- Communism --- Belgium --- Historiography --- Binnenlandse politiek: algemeenheden --- Politieke partijen --- Geschiedenis --- Partis --- Parti communiste --- Politique belge --- Communism - Belgium - History --- Communists - Belgium - Biography --- Histoire

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The introduction of electoral gender quotas in diverse contexts around the globe has attracted a great deal of scholarly and political interest. To date, research on these measures has focused primarily on quota design, adoption, and effects on the numbers of women elected. While this remains a crucial focus, quotas are not simply about changing the proportion of women in political office. Both supporters and opponents of quotas suggest, albeit from different perspectives, that positive action for women as candidates will influence the kinds of women elected, the policy-making process as it concerns women's issues, the way citizens view women in public life, and the relationship between female voters and the political process. Seeking to initiate a "second generation" of research on quotas, this volume is an effort to inspire a new literature focused on theorizing and studying the broader impact of quotas on politics and society. The book is structured in relation to three facets of political representation: the attributes of officeholders (descriptive representation); the promotion of group interests during the legislative process (substantive representation); and the broader cultural meanings and social consequences of political incorporation (symbolic representation). Within each section, the chapters include case studies from four regions of the world: Western Europe, Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia and the Middle East. This approach recognizes that quotas are a global phenomenon and that research on quotas and representation benefits from a comparative, cross-national approach. The Impact of Gender Quotas is a theory-building and comparative exercise in elaborating concepts commonly used to analyze the broad impacts of gender quotas. The book begins with the argument that the means by which women enter politics may influence how, why and to what extent their presence affects political representation. Following a preface by Drude Dahlerup, one of the pioneers of gender quota research, the editors introduce the book with a conceptual framework for analyzing the impact of quotas, based upon descriptive, substantive and symbolic dimensions of representation. The book is subsequently organized into three sections, each devoted to analyzing one of the dimensions of representation, and each of these sections contains a chapter case study from one of four regions of the world (Western Europe, Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia). Each of the chapters follows a basic format instituted by the editors, with the goal of facilitating cross-case comparisons and broad theory-building. The editors conclude the book by summarizing the main themes and implications for future research on gender quotas.

Gender --- Women --- Women political candidates --- Representative government and representation. --- Women and democracy. --- Representative government and representation --- Women and democracy --- Political activity. --- Government policy. --- Political activity --- Government policy --- #SBIB:316.346H24 --- #SBIB:324H41 --- AA / International- internationaal --- BE / Belgium - België - Belgique --- 323.0 --- 323.4 --- 311.95 --- Positie van de vrouw in de samenleving: politiek --- Politieke structuren: elite --- Binnenlandse politiek: algemeenheden. --- Politieke zeden.Partijgeest. Nepotisme. Favoritisme. --- Bevolking naar het geslacht. --- Gender. --- Women in politics --- Political candidates --- Women politicians --- Democracy and women --- Democracy --- Parliamentary government --- Political representation --- Representation --- Self-government --- Constitutional history --- Constitutional law --- Political science --- Elections --- Republics --- Suffrage --- Bevolking naar het geslacht --- Binnenlandse politiek: algemeenheden --- Politieke zeden.Partijgeest. Nepotisme. Favoritisme --- Parité politique. --- Femmes --- Représentation politique --- Activité politique --- Études transculturelles. --- Cross-cultural studies. --- Candidates (Élections) --- Gouvernement représentatif --- Femmes et démocratie --- Sex discrimination --- Discrimination sexuelle --- Politique gouvernementale --- Law and legislation --- Droit --- Comparative law --- Droit comparé

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Group identity --- Belgium --- Politics and government --- Foreign relations --- Belgique --- Culture --- Sociologie --- Politique intérieure --- Fédéralisme --- Institution politique --- #KVHA:Geschiedenis; België --- #KVHA:Cultuurgeschiedenis; België --- #KVHA:Politiek; België --- BE / Belgium - België - Belgique --- BX / Brussels - Brussel - Bruxelles --- VL / Flanders - Vlaams Gewest - Région Flamande --- WA / Wallonia - Région Wallonne - Waals Gewest --- 323.0 --- 321.68 --- 203 --- 949.3.04 --- 323 <493> --- BPB1305 --- België --- Cultuur --- Binnenlands beleid --- Federalisme --- Politieke instelling --- Binnenlandse politiek: algemeenheden. --- Federalisme. --- Sociografie. Algemene beschrijving van de gemeenschappen (Sociologie). --- Geschiedenis van België: 1945-heden --- Binnenlandse politiek--België --- 323 <493> Binnenlandse politiek--België --- 949.3.04 Geschiedenis van België: 1945-heden --- Collective identity --- Community identity --- Cultural identity --- Social identity --- Identity (Psychology) --- Social psychology --- Collective memory --- Sociografie. Algemene beschrijving van de gemeenschappen (Sociologie) --- Binnenlandse politiek: algemeenheden --- Foreign relations. --- sociología --- socjologia --- sosiologia --- sociologi --- κοινωνιολογία --- sotsioloogia --- soċjoloġija --- социологија --- социология --- sociologija --- szociológia --- sociológia --- socioloģija --- sociology --- sociologia --- sociologie --- sociologji --- Soziologie --- gender studies --- Entwicklungssoziologie --- sociobiologie --- sociológia politického života --- πολιτικοί θεσμοί --- politiska iestāde --- instytucja polityczna --- politisk institution --- politische Institution --- политическа институция --- poliittinen instituutio --- instituție politică --- istituzzjoni politika --- istituzione politica --- politikai intézmény --- politična ustanova --- политичка институција --- poliitiline institutsioon --- institucion politik --- политичка установа --- politinė institucija --- institución política --- politieke instelling --- politická inštitúcia --- political institution --- politička institucija --- instituição política --- politická instituce --- političko tijelo --- федерализъм --- federalizmas --- föderalizmus --- federalismo --- federalizam --- federalism --- federaliżmu --- федерализам --- federalisme --- federalizm --- føderalisme --- federālisms --- federalismi --- federalizmus --- Föderalismus --- föderalism --- ομοσπονδιακό σύστημα --- federalizëm --- federalizem --- federalismus --- statsförbund --- valtioliitto --- federalistické hnutí --- federație de state --- φεντεραλισμός --- konfederativní uspořádání --- föderatív államrendszer --- ομοσπονδία κρατών --- konfederatívne usporiadanie --- federativní uspořádání --- federatë e Shteteve --- föderalistischer Staat --- konfederācija --- federação de Estados --- valstu apvienība --- federazione di Stati --- federacija država --- federalistické hnutie --- föderaalriik --- føderation --- federalizační snahy --- valstybių federacija --- spolkové zřízení --- federación de Estados --- federation of States --- federativní zřízení --- konfederativní zřízení --- fédération d'États --- kultur --- kulttuuri --- culture --- cultură --- cultuur --- kultura --- πολιτιστικός τομέας --- kultúra --- kultūra --- cultura --- Kultur --- kultuur --- култура --- livello culturale --- vita culturale --- културен живот --- erudizione --- εσωτερική πολιτική --- politică internă --- indenrigspolitik --- vnitřní politika --- politika domestika --- inrikespolitik --- Innenpolitik --- внатрешна политика --- унутрашња политика --- вътрешна политика --- sisepoliitika --- sisäpolitiikka --- notranja politika --- polityka wewnętrzna --- belpolitika --- vidaus politika --- politikë e brendshme --- iekšpolitika --- binnenlands beleid --- unutrašnja politika --- domestic policy --- política interna --- politica interna --- política interior --- vnútorná politika --- domácí politika --- домашна политика --- Bélgica --- Belgija --- Belgien --- Belgie --- Belgicko --- Beļģija --- Белгија --- Belgio --- Белгия --- Belgia --- il-Belġju --- An Bheilg --- Βέλγιο --- Belgjika --- Belgia Kuningriik --- Beļģijas Karaliste --- Royaume de Belgique --- Belgian kuningaskunta --- Belgické kráľovstvo --- Koninkrijk België --- Belgijos Karalystė --- das Königreich Belgien --- Βασίλειο του Βελγίου --- Kingdom of Belgium --- Кралство Белгија --- Краљевина Белгија --- Belgické království --- Reino de Bélgica --- ir-Renju tal-Belġju --- Regatul Belgiei --- Kongeriget Belgien --- Кралство Белгия --- Mbretëria e Belgjikës --- Belga Királyság --- Królestwo Belgii --- Konungariket Belgien --- Reino da Bélgica --- Kraljevina Belgija --- Regno del Belgio --- socheolaíocht --- institiúid pholaitiúil --- cónaidhmeacht --- cultúr --- beartas intíre --- Group identity - Belgium --- Belgium - Politics and government --- Belgium - Politics and government - 1993 --- -Belgium - Foreign relations --- Politique intérieure --- Fédéralisme --- Identité collective --- 1990-.... --- Politique et gouvernement --- 1993-....